WHAT IS GSM AND 3G TECHNOLOGY?

GSM means Global System for Mobile Communications

In 1982 1G First Generation was introduced where network signals were analogue and used Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

2G Second Generation was launched in 1992 in which signals and speech channels were digitally encrypted. 2G used Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA)

2.5G Deployed in 2003 which implemented High Speed Circuit Switched Domain(HSCSD) Data rate 236.8kbps to 384kbps by using Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution(EDGE)

3G has very different functions like it allows simultaneous use of speech and data services at higher rates and better spectral efficiency.

3G Standard 

International Mobile Telecommunications IMT-2000 which is popularly known as 3G or 3rd Generation standard for mobile phones and telecommunications services to make 3G globally applicable.

3G UMTS  Universal Mobile Telecommunications System uses W-CDMA WideBand-Code Division Multiple Access as main interface. Also known with other names. In Japan called FOMA Freedom Of Mobile Multimedia Access. In China known as TD-SCDMA Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access. Basically all these are variants which uses different radio interface.
W-CDMA networks can give speed upto 384kbps maximum.

3.5G HSUPA upgrades the uplink for higher data transfer speed and capacity of 1.4 ,1.9 ,5.8 Mbps. HSUPA name is given by Nokia and used in its phones only but 3GPP does not support this name.
HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access having faster speed from 1.8 ,3.6 ,7.2 to 14 Mbps.

3.75G HSPA High Speed Packet Access is a combination of HSUPA and HSDPA that improves the performance of W-CDMA and can attain speed 21Mbps to 28Mbps.

HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access having faster speed from 1.8 ,3.6 ,7.2 to 14 Mbps.

3.9G HSOPA Some networks dubbed it as 4G. This project is known as Long Term Evolution and uses OF-DMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing which will offer data rate at 170Mbps for up-link and 320Mbps for down-link.

4G Constitute of 4G has not been standardized yet.It is non-backward compatible with new higher frequencies bands. It is defined to be comprehensive and secure for the users. 4G will only be packet-based (all-IP) switched network. Facilities like IP-telephony (IP-based voice data), Ultra-broadband internet Access 1GBps (Gigabit speed) Support for IPV6 protocol, Gaming Services, High Definition HDTV, Streamed Multimedia and many more new services are added!!!

UMTS operates on frequencies of 850/900/1700/1900/2100 MHz. Most 3G phones support at least 2 frequencies. No 3G phone available which supports all 3G frequencies.
It depends on service provider what speed and frequency it adopts for its 3G network and what type of 3G compatible phone you have to fully exploit ,utilize and enjoy the services.

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Career In Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering : Introduction  

Mechanical engineering, the broadest of all Engineering disciplines deals with design and production of tools, machines and all other mechanical equipment to be used in industries. The industry offers a wide choice of options extending across many interdisciplinary interdependent specialties. Mechanical engineering is concerned with all types of machinery in industries and all aspects of their mechanism and functioning; the design, development, construction, production, installation, operation and maintenance; such as large steam and gas turbines, components of thermal power stations, internal combustion engines, jet engines, machine tools, air conditioning and heating machines, refrigerators etc to name a few. They not only design and create new products, but also develop materials for them and ways of making them.

 
In a way, mechanical engineers are involved in creating the future. They are the driving force behind many of our technologies and industrial processes including innovative products like mobiles, PCs and DVD etc in our modern world. The work of a Mechanical Engineer can be extremely challenging and fulfilling, requiring  IT, design and analytical skills together with an ability to work as a team. As their work involves production, transmission and use of mechanical power and heat, they have to analyze the different materials used for the machines and their tolerances, investigate the different energy sources and the power they generate and the design problems if any. When designing and making a commercial product they have to take into account all the business and marketing aspects to make sure that the product is affordable. They share interests with many other engineers like Civil Engineers in structures and stress analysis; Electrical engineers in electronics, computing and control theory; Aeronautical Engineers in fluid flow and turbo machinery etc and also design tools needed by other engineers for their work. They work as part of a team with other engineers as well as financial, business and management professionals on a project together. Mechanical Engineers are also responsible for maintenance and repair of the devices. Care has to be taken that the plants give maximum output and the machinery is properly maintained.

 The specializations include in areas like thermal engineering, design, and production engineering etc. Mechanical engineers work mainly in manufacturing firms. They can find work in administrative and managerial positions in government departments or public and private sector industries or do research as well as teaching in Research and teaching institutes. They could also opt for technical sales / marketing or work as independent consultants

Mechanical Engineering : Job Prospects & Career Options
Mechanical Engineering finds applications in all fields of technology. They could work in many industries including private or public sector industries of various types, and their work varies by industry and function. With the rapid rate of expansion in the industrial sector, the employment potential for mechanical engineers is very high. 
In the government sector, freshers could join as Junior Engineers and go up the ladder as Assistant Engineers,   Assistant Executive Engineers, Executive Engineers, Superintendent Engineers and so on.
These engineers are required in automobile, chemical, electronics, steel plants, oil exploration and refining, technical wings of armed forces, space research organisation, etc.  Candidates with post graduate degree or an additional management degree could find work in administrative and managerial positions in government departments or public and private sector industries or do research as well as teaching in Research and teaching institutes. 
 
They could also opt for technical sales / marketing or work as independent consultants.  Several government departments including Posts and Telegraphs, Defense, PWD, and CPWD employ mechanical engineers. Aeronautical, agricultural, automobile, chemical, and power plants, as well as the railways, need mechanical engineers to design and maintain their machinery. In agricultural sector, mechanical engineers play a vital role by establishing service centres for maintenance of tractors, oil engines, pump sets, electric motors and other agricultural equipments. Mechanical Engineering graduates has several job opportunities in Marine engineering. After undergoing a basic pre sea training or studying marine engineering or nautical science course, they can join as engine cadets, marine engineers or navigating officers. Mechanical Engineering graduates can also opt for M.E/ M.Tech programmes in Marine engineering, Petroleum engineering, Aerospace/ Aeronautical engineering or Nanotechnology

Mechanical Engineering : Remuneration & Salary
The remuneration and conditions of service depend on the industry and its function. Those engineers, who choose to work in the private sector, could negotiate their terms and conditions with the management themselves. 
Most fresh engineers start at Rs 25,000 to Rs 40,000 per month, with allowances. Those with an additional management degree in addition to engineering can command salaries of Rs 35,000 to Rs 50,000 per month. 
In the US, according to a salary survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor’s degree candidates in mechanical engineering received starting offers averaging $48,426 a year, master’s degree candidates had offers averaging $55,994, and Ph.D. candidates were initially offered $72,09  


Mechanical Engineering : Institutes
The important Mechanical Engineering Colleges in India which offer BE/BTech programs in Computer engineering are: Indian Institutes of Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, National Institutes of Technology, Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), DTU, Thaper University, NSIT Delhi, PEC Chandigarh.

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Career In Computer Science & Engineering

Computer Engineering : Introduction

Computers!! - are slowly becoming a quintessential aspect which can be found everywhere; i,e in car engines, watches, microwave ovens, telephones, video games, x-ray machines, ATM's, touching every facet of our lives. Due to the rapid growth of Information Technology, computer industry has become one of the fastest growing segments of our economy. As a result, there exists a huge demand for Computer engineering professionals for the development of faster hardware components, new communication systems and software. Here comes the importance of Computer Engineering. Computer Engineering involves designing and testing of computer components. It is a branch of Engineering, which studies elements from both electrical engineering and computer science angles, combining the principle and techniques of these two for the making and development of computer and computer-based systems. Professionals who work with computer hardware and software are termed as Computer Engineers.

Computer engineers are a part of a team who apply their knowledge of mathematics and science for the design and development of a computer. Those who deal with the computer equipment as such, are termed as computer hardware engineers and those who deal with the computer programs are called computer software engineers. Computer software or software is a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that performs the major tasks on a computer system. Software engineers should have strong programming skills as they are concerned with the design and development of many types of software, including computer games, word processing and business applications, operating systems and network distribution and compilers, which convert programs to machine language for execution on a computer.

Hardware engineers are involved in the research, designing, testing, manufacturing and installation of computer hardware such as computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems and related equipments. Their work is similar to that of electronic engineers but their work is exclusively limited to computers and computer-related equipments. Computer engineers have the option of moving into hardware or software positions or blending the two. On projects, both these engineers usually work together as a team. It is these computer engineers who design software and hard ware computer-based systems for embedded micro controllers, designing - VLSI chips, analog sensors, mixed signal circuit boards and operating systems.


Computer Engineering: Job Prospects & Career Options
The job prospects for computer engineers are increasing rapidly both in India and abroad because of the booming in this industry. System study, analysis, design and programming are the main areas which provide various probabilities to the computer science and engineering graduates to shape themselves in their career. Computer engineers develop computer programs for industries. Their work involves the design, development and maintenance of software. They are engaged in analyzing problems for solutions, formulating and testing, using advanced communications or multi-media equipment or working in teams for product development.

A computer engineering graduate with a high percentage of mark and good communication skill are easily absorbed in reputed companies. Along with the degree in computer science, the candidate should be well trained in the latest software's. Software and IT companies are the main employers of these graduates. They can also find job opportunities in a variety of environments in university, research, private and public industries, government departments, business organizations, commercial organizations and the manufacturing sector etc.
Computer Engineers can work as a Software/ Hardware Engineer, which are the two main sectors in the computer industry. Software is the set of programmed instructions that enable a computer to perform specified functions and Hardware covers the physical elements of a computer system, and is concerned with the design, development, assembly, manufacture and maintenance. They can work as programmers, web developers and E- commerce specialists with industries that build or use computer-based systems, such as telecommunications, automotive, aerospace, etc.  National and multi-national computer manufacturing companies; computer hardware system design and development companies, computer networking companies, software development companies as well as hardware assembling and maintenance companies, data processing departments of modern industries and in areas where computers and computer-aided systems are used, such as aeronautics and space science, the petroleum industry, chemical plants and power plants and management consultancy organizations are some among the probable work places.
Diploma holder in computer engineering can start their own business enterprise with very little investment. A person with good academic record i.e a masters degree in computer engineering with 5 years experience in teaching at graduate level or industrial experience in a reputed firm can be employed as a lecturer. Qualified candidates can find employment as a Software engineer in software companies in India and abroad. 
European manufacturing industries provide excellent career opportunities for computer graduates in areas like cabling, satellite television, cellular telephones, microprocessor system design and software engineering. In Australia and overseas they might be employed in design, manufacturing, robotics and software development sectors


Computer Engineering : Remuneration & Salary

Compared to the other engineering fields, computer engineering graduates receive excellent pay package at the initial level itself. They can find job openings 

both in India and abroad. The remuneration depends on the status of the industry and experience, qualifications and ability of the employee.

As compared to the government sector, private firms offers excellent pay packages. In India a fresh graduate in computer engineering can get a starting salary of Rs.20, 000 – Rs.35, 000 and within 1 or 2 year of experience it may gradually increase to Rs. 50, 000 or more per month. A lecturer in this filed can earn an amount Rs 14000-20500/- plus dearness allowances. Freshers from the best technological universities/colleges (IITs and NITs) are offered annual pay package of up to 10 lakhs

Computer Engineering : Institutes

The important Computer Engineering Colleges in India which offer BE/BTech programs in Computer engineering are: Indian Institutes of Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, National Institutes of Technology, Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), College of Engineering and Technology (Anna University)..

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Career In Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering : Introduction

Considered as one of the oldest engineering disciplines, Civil Engineering involves planning, designing and executing structural works. The profession deals with a wide variety of engineering tasks including designing, supervision and construction activities of public works like roads, bridges, tunnels, buildings, airports, dams, water works, sewage systems, ports etc. and offers a multitude of challenging career opportunities.

 A civil engineer is responsible for planning and designing a project, constructing the project to the required scale, and maintenance of the product. A civil engineer requires not only a high standard of engineering knowledge but also supervisory and administrative skills. The planning part of their work involves site investigation, feasibility studies, creating solutions to complications that may occur and the actual designing of structures. They have to work with the guidelines of the local government authority and get plans approved by the relevant authority. They may prepare cost estimates and set construction schedules. Construction work involves dealing with clients, architects, government officials, contactors and the supervision of work according to standards. Their work also involves the maintenance and repair of the project. 
The major specialisations within civil engineering are structural, water resources, environmental, construction, transportation,  geo-technical engineering etc. On most projects, civil engineers work in teams or in coordination with many other engineers. They can find work as a supervisor of a construction site or a managerial position or in design, research as well as teaching in government services or private concerns. They can also work as independent consultants.


Civil Engineering : Job Prospects & Career Options

Civil Engineers can find job in Government departments, private and public sector industries, research and teaching institutions etc. Job opportunities for civil engineers are expected to increase as fast as the average for all jobs, although the construction industry is vulnerable to fluctuations in the economy. 

Civil engineers will always be needed to maintain and repair existing facilities and structures and to construct new ones. After doing B.Tech, one can look for jobs in road projects, building work, consultancy firms, quality testing laboratories or housing societies. The experts say there is a high demand for experienced civil engineers in developed countries. 

Civil engineers are employed in all the major construction projects carried out by the state or central government, the railways, private construction companies, military, engineering services, consultancy services etc.

 

Civil engineering graduates can also go in for research and take up teaching or they can open their own independent consultancy services.

Civil Engineering : Remuneration & Salary

The earnings depend on the industries employing civil engineers such as Central or State government departments  or private concerns. In India, a bachelor's degree 
candidate in civil engineering can receive a starting salary of Rs.35000 up to Rs.50000 approximately with 2-3 years experience. With more experience or as an established independent consultant one could earn more.
Companies abroad in Singapore, UAE etc pay around Rs1,50,000 for candidates with 2-3 years experience. In USA, according to a salary survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, a bachelor's degree candidate as an initial salary offers averaging $30,616 a year, master's 
degree candidates received an average offer of $44,080, and Ph.D. candidates were offered $53,280. Average salary of engineers employed by the federal government is about $60,078.


Civil Engineering : Institutes
IIT's  or Indian institute of Technology in New Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur are the most prestigious Engineering institutions in India.  Other main Engineering colleges include Birla Institute of Technology (BITS) - (Pilani and Ranchi.), Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi., University of Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh etc and the various Regional engineering colleges in different states.

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Career In Electrical Engineering

Electrical Engineering : Introduction
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. Electrical engineering, an amalgamation of  what is now called electrical, electronics and communication, instrumentation, computer engineering etc. is the largest of all engineering disciplines. Four well recognised branches of electrical engineering are power, communications, electronics and control systems. In a broader sense, this field covers a range of sub-disciplines including those that deal with power, optoelectronics, digital electronics, analogue electronics, artificial intelligence, control systems, electronics, signal processing and telecommunications. Overlapping of this field with computer has opened up the door to a career in almost any industry.

 The field of Electrical engineering involves transmission and generation of electrical power, electrical circuit design, electronics, instrumentation, control system, understanding electrical and electronic networks etc. Electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power generation and transmission and motor control, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits. It includes the design and building of electronic circuits based on the flow of charge through different materials. Alternatively, electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit energy, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to transmit information. 
Electrical engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the study of diverse utilization of electricity and equipments that generate and distribute power. This is divided into heavy current (electrical machinery; generating stations and distribution systems) and light current (telecommunications, radar, computers etc.). Conventional areas like generation, allocation, distribution and transmission of electricity come under the purview of electrical engineering. The broad field of electrical engineering involves working with all manners of electronic devices, from pocket calculators to supercomputers. In this area, the engineers' task involves generating, distributing and using electrical power in the fields of communication, control system, electronic computer, industrial electronics and instrumentation etc.

Electrical engineers design and develop electrical systems, research new and innovative designs and system, supervise and plan manufacturing process of high end electrical systems. This role provides a number of challenges ranging from problem identification and the selection of appropriate technical solutions, materials, test equipment and procedures, to the manufacture and production of safe, economical, high-performance products and services. 
Electrical engineers work to combine technology with creativity, taking ideas and turning them into reality. In fact, electrical engineers are involved in the practical application of electrical energy.
Electricity has become the basic need for survival. From household to industrial plants, communication and satellite navigation system, electronic equipment, computers etc., all require electricity. Hence electrical engineering which deals with study and application of electrical systems is widely applicable in each and every aspect of our daily life. Virtually every industry utilizes electrical engineers, so employment opportunities are extensive.


Electrical Engineering : Job Prospects & Career Options

Scope in electrical engineering lie in the areas of generating electricity, its distribution and transmission. As everything from house to industry requires electricity to function, there are tremendous career prospects in this field in India as well as in other developed countries across the world. Globalisation has also created huge demand for technically qualified engineers to keep pace with growing industrial needs. In short electrical engineering has a wide scope of applicability and it varies depending upon different needs.

Different types of employers offer jobs to electrical engineers. Employers range from computer-technology corporations and chemical companies to power and telephone companies. Both small and large companies in the private sector and the government sector offer placement for electrical engineers. Electrical engineers can find employment in Electrical equipment and systems manufacturing companies, Power generation and transmission, Telecommunication, Railways, IT industry, Health care equipment manufacturing industry, public sector industries like petroleum, steel and chemical industry, Research and design etc.
Electrical graduates are employed in Electricity Boards/Utility companies and large industries as engineers and managers, responsible for installation, maintenance, operation of power handling equipments and systems. Industries manufacturing large electrical machines and equipments employ engineers in design, production and testing. Electrical engineers also find employment in atomic power plants, hydroelectric power plants as well as thermal power plants. Many electrical engineering graduates opt for careers in the food, pulp and paper, chemical, aircraft and automobile industries.
Educational Institutions and Research establishments recruit electrical engineers as faculty and scientists. One can also do research work in this field by joining research labs and institutes. Teaching career is also rewarding. They can join an engineering college/university as a full time or part time lecturer/professor. They can also enter into self employment by starting own ventures.
As an Electrical Engineer, entry for junior posts in the Government departments is by direct recruitment through advertisements in newspapers. Selection to Gazetted posts is through  competitive examinations conducted by Union and State Public Service Commission. UPSC conducts an Engineering Service Examination annually for vacancies in Central Engineering Services and various State Public Service commissions conduct their own competitive Exams for vacancies in State engineering services.
Young engineers have chances in the Defence Services also. For selection into the Defence Services- Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, applications are invited through National dailies and Employment News.


Electrical Engineering : Remuneration & salary

Pay scale of an electrical engineer depends on experience, higher qualification and capabilities. Fresh graduates from elite technological institutions like Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs) and Birla Institute of Technology get more remuneration as compared to others. 
The average starting monthly salary of electrical engineering graduates in India ranges between Rs. 25,000 – Rs.50,000. Whereas those with M.Tech can expect much more. Senior electrical engineers with more than five years of working experience can earn between Rs. 45,000 to Rs. 100,000 per month. The pay-package in foreign countries is much higher as compared to India.


Electrical Engineering : Institutes
Indian institute of Technology (IIT's) in New Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur etc are the most prestigious Engineering institutions in India. Other main Engineering colleges include Birla Institute of Technology (BITS) - (Pilani and Ranchi), Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi, University of Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh etc and the various Regional engineering colleges in different states.

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Career In Electronics Engineering

Electronics Engineering : Introduction

Electronics Engineering is one of the largest and fastest growing field of engineering. It covers a wide range of applications which make our life easier and enjoyable such as Television, Radio, computers, telecommunication etc. They helps us to see, hear and communicate over vast distances and do things faster.  Electronics has a major role in improving productivity in industries like oil, energy, agriculture and so many other important sectors of economy. In steel, petroleum and chemical industries it is the electronic devices that direct, control and test production processes. Health care industry depend on electronic instruments to perform chemical tests and to check body functions. The safety in transportation, factories and mines and in homes rely heavily on electronics.


An Electronics engineer must find new solutions to the practical problems affecting our daily lives. An electronics engineer will work in team with other specialists to design, fabricate,  produce, test and supervise the manufacture of complex products and systems i.e electronic equipments and components for a number of industries including hospitals, computer industry, electronic data processing systems for communication and in defense etc. They supervise production and manufacturing processes and oversee installation and maintenance. Electronics engineers work with devices that use extremely small amounts of power. They work with microprocessors, fibre optics, and in telecommunication, television, radio etc. 
Electronics engineering is a constantly changing and widening branch of the engineering profession. Electronics industry being a labour intensive industry provides many job opportunities for the skilled job seekers. Increased production and demand by government and businesses for communication equipment, computers and military electronics along with consumer demand and increased research and development on robots and other types of automation contributes to the growth of employment opportunities in the field. Candidates having a creative and inventive mind and also are good at physics and mathematics will probably find electronics engineering a  challenging and lucrative career.

Electronics Engineering : Job Prospects & Career Options

Job Prospectus:

An electronics engineer can get a job in Central Government, State Governments and their sponsored corporations in public enterprises and the private organizations like All India Radio, Indian Telephone Industries, MTNL, National Physical Laboratories, AIR, Civil Aviation Department; Post and Telegraph Department; Co-ordination Department, National Physical Laboratory, Bharat Electronics Limited, Development Centers in various States etc.  dealing in manufacture, sales and services of electronics consumer goods and appliances. Electronics engineers are also absorbed into the entertainment transmission industry, research establishments, and defense. They can also take up teaching and research in one of the many engineering colleges in India or abroad.

Career Options :

As an Electronic Engineer, entry for junior posts in the Government departments is by direct recruitment through advertisements in newspapers.  Selection to Gazetted posts is through the competitive examinations conducted by Union and State Public Service Commission. UPSC conducts an Engineering Service Examination (Telecommunication and Electronics Engineering group) annually for vacancies in Central Engineering Services and various State Public Service commissions conduct their own competitive Exams for vacancies in State engineering services.

In the Defence Services, young engineers start as Second Lieutenants. For selection into the Defence Services- Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, applications are invited through National dailies and Employment News. 

Similarly vacancies in the private and public sector are advertised through leading daily newspapers of the country and the Employment News. Mostly the candidates are interviewed after thorough scrutiny of their basic inputs and the selections are made on merit. Central Electronics Ltd., Indian Railways, Atomic Energy Commission, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Directorate General Posts and Telegraphs Departments etc are some of the prospective employers in the field. 

Electronic Engineers can start their own business  by manufacture electronic parts, goods and components. He can also start a repair or assembly shop for television receivers, amplifiers, recording equipment etc. Since electronics is a labour intensive and talent -oriented field, it gives high returns for a given initial investment. Loan facilities are offered by banks and Small Scale Industries Development Corporations for starting a business.

Electronics Engineering : Remuneration & salary

Earnings of an electronic engineer vary with market demand and among organisations. Working experience, qualifications, ability are important factors in determining the pay level. In India, a bachelor's degree candidate in electronics engineering can receive a starting salary of Rs.17500 up to Rs 35,000 approximately with 1-2 years experience

Electronics Engineering : Institutes Indian institute of Technology (IIT's) in New Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur etc are the most prestigious Engineering institutions in India.  Other main Engineering colleges include Birla Institute of Technology (BITS) - (Pilani and Ranchi), Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi, University of Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh etc and the various Regional engineering colleges in different states.

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