Formula 1 in INDIA

The Exciting Indian Formula 1 Grand Pix

There is no doubt that the year 2011 is the year of Formula 1 in India. It is on this that history will be made when India hosts its first ever Indian F1 Grand Pix. If you didn’t know, now you have it. Being the first time a lot needs to be done on the Indian F1 infrastructure there and as we speak now the world governing body, FIA, is yet to finalize the circuit. But they have formally confirmed it taking place.

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The event is scheduled from 28th to 30th October 2011  and fans are expected to flock to the site, which is at Buddha International Circuit in new Delhi India. Racers will have to make the 60 laps circuit for at least a podium finish. The circuit distance is about 5.137 km which is not that long. The circuit and track is done by F1 circuit designer Hermann Tilke. The track is spread in a ground area of 875 acres. Initially the seating capacity was speculated to have a capacity of 150,000 seats which may be increased. FIA have promised to confirm the race distance before the Race date.

Some notable representations in the Gp is inclusive of the UB Group of companies and some other big Indian brands that are mainly associated with Force India F1. Tata Consultancy Services  will be the official IT service provider for team Ferrari and  ironically the engine software for the Italian racing team is also by them.

The most watched out racer in the event is Karun Chandok. He is the one who is responsible for putting India in the world formula 1 map. He was the first Indian to make it to F1 in Jordan in the year 2005. Other racers to expect are David Coulthard who will be racing for the Red Bull F1 team.

The ticket sale for the first Formula 1 in India: the Indian Grand Prix has been started. The ticket is ranged form Rs.2,500 to Rs.35,000, which means you can get a seat of your budget. Although the seating capacity is high it will be hard to get a ticket of your choice because there will be a number of fans coming to watch Force India F1, their favorite team in action. Tickets can be bought online or from the Indian Grand Prix counters

Indian Grand Prix :First Formula One Race in India

Recognizing the increasing popularity of motor-sports in India, FIA has announced 17^th race of 2011 Formula 1 in India. It is biggest news to celebrate for the racing fans. The Indian Grand Prix is going to be organized at Buddh International Circuit in the capital of India. It’s a 5.14km track and was designed by Hermann Tilke and is spread around 875 acres and has an amazing seating capacity of 150,000 which is supposed to be increased up to 200,000 later. It is going to be huge event and most people are willing be a part of Indian Grand Prix. Paul di Resta and Adrian Sutil are the stars of team for 2011.  Force India F1 is all set for the occasion with the advantage of support of all Indian Fans. Its Popularity can be analyzed with the fact that the first 1000 tickets were sold within 1 hour of opening.

Narain Karthikeyan, the biggest name in Indian Motor-Sport, is making a came back after a very long time in 2011 and is going to be a part of Indian Grand Prix 2011 for Hispania Racing Team (HRT). Other Famous Indian names for the event are Karun Chandok and Armaan Ebrahim.Force India F1 is the only registered team for the Indian Grand Prix. Previously the team was known as Spyker which was changed to Force India F1 in 2007 when Vijay Mallya and Michiel Mol bought it.

India is known as a country of Cricket. While talking about the acceptance of F1 in a Cricket-Mad country, Narain Karthikeyan believes that “Nothing is impossible in India,” while most other critics say that it is not any kind of competition.

The Much-Awaited Formula 1 in India

The long wait is over for fans of Formula 1 in India as the racing competition is scheduled to be held in in this country. Come October 30^th, F1 in India will be slated and a lot of F1 race enthuciasts are looking forward to the racing event. What’s more interesting about  this upcomingFormula 1 in India is that is expected to be among the longests F1 events because there are 20 races scheduled during the competition that will certainly provide spectators pure excitement.

The 2011 season of this racing event will be held at Greater Noida or Gautam Buddga Nagar situated in U.P. state at the Buddh International Circuit, which is nearby Delhi. The Jaypee Group is in charge of promoting F1 in India, ensuring that the Formula 1 track in this country will be modern. Moreover, the group has also committed to provide world-class ameneties and a large site to accommodate around 150,000 F1 fans.

Among the prominent Formula 1 racers that are expected to grace the event are Michael Schumacher, Fernando Alonso, and Kimi Raikkonen. Apparently, Indian fans are excited to support Indian driver Karun Chandok if he would make the cut. There is also a big possibility that popular Indian Formula 1 teams, such as Force India, would be part of this much-awaited racing event.

The track to be used for the racing competition was already completed. And to ensure that everything is is on the right track, FIA boss  Bernie Ecclestone paid a visit to India to see the progress of the preparation. According to reports, Ecclestone was pleased with the general development of the construction work, including the the 5.14 km- track length that has 16 corners and various elevations. F1 analysists deem this to be among the fastests F1 circuits. Moreover, a lot of formula 1 teams contributed to designing the track for the Formula 1 in India.

F1 fans can now look forward to seeing all Formula 1 stars to participate in the event. There will also be exciting parties to be hosted in different cities across the country while showing the race on giant screens.

Where to Get Tickets for Formula 1 India

May racing aficionados have already reserved tickets for the first ever formula 1 India Grand Prix. The event will be held on October 30, 2011 with the venue at Buddh International Circuit which is in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

The tickets for the said event range from the price of 2 Euros up to 594 Euros. Americans who would like to buy in dollar denomination can be able to get it at a price ranging from $3 up to $792. The Natural Stand South location ticket has already been sold out at $72 dollars,  that is 54 Euro. So do not wait until all the tickets are gone purchase a ticket now!

The ticket prices will depend on which part of the grandstand the ticket buyer would want to be located at in order to witness the race. The most affordable one is at the bike parking area while the high end location is at the Main Grandstand West.

The formula 1 India Grand Prix tickets can be bought online. Purchasing of tickets can be done with a Visa, Mastercard, Maesto and American Express. There are designated telephone numbers over at the official website formula1 for more information about this upcoming event.

The formula 1 official website has excellent information about the tickets and travels one can be able to take in order to get tickets, flights and accommodation for his stay in India. The prices mentioned above are only for the race tickets but if travelling from another place, there are selections of race tickets and accommodation, or race tickets with accommodation and flights that can be booked from online.

A car hire can also be requested for a more convenient travel to and from the selected grandstand of the ticket and accommodation buyer.

This 2011 formula 1 season has a lot of exciting events and the formula 1 India is an event one shouldn’t miss. To those who do not want to order online there are available locations internationally or purchasing a ticket for the formula 1 India Grand Prix.

Most of these ticket outlets are travel agencies where you can also get your airplane tickets in getting to India to feel the ultimate formula 1 India experience.

Formula 1 cars are considered to be the fastest circuit-racing cars in the world, owing tovery high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic down force. Formula 1 cars race at speeds of up to 360 km/h (220 mph) with engines limited in performance to a maximum of 18,000 revolutions per minute (RPM).

Formula 1 India  Details :

Place : Greater Noida – 40 KM from New Delhi

Circuit Name - Buddh International Circuit

Race Date      - 30 Oct 2011

Number of Laps – 60

Schedule :

Friday 28 October 2011   –                            Practice Session 1 –   10:00 - 11:30

Practice Session 2 –   14:00 - 15:30

Saturday29 Octobet 2011 –                         Practice Sesion 3 –    11:00 - 12:00

Qualifying Race  -      14:00

Formula 1 India  Final Race —  Sunday30October 2011-  15:0

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History and Development of Internet

The origin of the Internet can be traced to the launch of the first artificial earth satellite. In 1957, the USSR, successfully launched Sputnik, and the United States of America responded with ARPA. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was started by the Department of Defense to establish US supremacy in science and technology applicable to the military. And it was within ARPA that the seed for today's Internet was sowed.

The Internet, broadly described as having a world-wide broadcasting capability, being a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location, has its origins in packet-switching technology. In 1961, Leonard Klienrock presented the first paper on packet-switching. The concept of being able to transfer data in packets is the very core of the Internet.

During the early sixties, J.C.R. Licklider and W. Clark talked about a "Galactic Network" concept. Licklider envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. Much like what the Internet is today. Around 1962, in a US Governmental agency RAND, Paul Baran was given the task of creating a super resilient network, which would allow the US army to communicate, and retain control over its missiles and bombers, in the event of a nuclear attack. His final proposal was a packet-switched network. This technology involved breaking down the data into packets that would be transferred from one computer to the other until the final destination computer was reached. Also if any data were lost, it would be resent.

Around the mid sixties, two computers located in different geographical areas within the US were connected using a 1200 bps phone line. But this was done without using packet-switching. Within two years of this, the first design paper for the ARPANET, the precursor of the Internet was presented by Larry Roberts. ARPA awarded the contract for ARPANET to BBN, which constructed a physical network of four nodes, University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and University of Utah, in 1969.

Meanwhile Vint Cerf, C.S. Carr and S. Crocker working on the all important protocol for the ARPANET, came out with the original host to host communication protocol, called the Network Control Protocol. And subsequently ARPANET hosts started using this Network Control Protocol. Working for the ARPANET, Ray Tomlinson in 1971 came up with the first email program, to send messages across the network. This became an instant hit, with the @ sign from Tomlinson's Model 33 Teletype being chosen to represent "at". In that same year, Larry Roberts wrote the first email management program that could list, read, file, forward and respond to messages.

By 1972, the ARPA was renamed DARPA, Defense Advance Research Projects Agency. The ARPANET using the Network Control Protocol was allowing communication between its hosts. By the next year, the ARPANET had its first international connections, with the University of London (England) and NORSAR (Norway). In the same year, the concept of the Ethernet was born after Bob Metcalf's Harvard PhD thesis. Meanwhile Vint Cerf, in March that same year, sketched the gateway architecture for ARPANET, on the back of an envelope, in a San Francisco hotel lobby. Cerf and Bob Kahn, then presented the basic Internet concept at the International network Working Group.

The direct result was that development started on the protocol that was later to be called TCP/IP or Transmission Control protocol/ Internet Protocol. The development work was headed by Vinton Cerf of Stanford and Bob Kahn of DARPA. By 1974, they publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection" which along with detailing out TCP, also for the first time used the term 'Internet'. In the same year the first commercial version of the ARPANET, Telenet was opened by BBN. In 1975, satellite links connected Hawaii and UK as the first TCP tests were run through them by Stanford, BBN and UCL.

The year 1976 was marked by the first email being sent by Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom, in February. As also by the final development of the Ethernet by Robert Metcalfe, which would allow data to move extremely fast. In the Internet etiquette front, on April 12th 1978, Kevin MacKenzie suggested the use of -) to indicate that the sentence in an email is tongue-in-cheek. And with this, emoticons were born.

1979 saw the creation of the decentralized news group USENET and the 'store and forward' network BITNET. The ARPANET completely shifted over to TCP/IP, in 1983, making it the core Internet protocol, and replacing the NCP (Network Control Protocol) entirely. In the same year the University of Wisconsin developed the Domain Name System (DNS), which made it easier for people to access servers, as they no longer needed to remember numbers. And in 1985, symbolics.com was assigned, to become the first registered domain. With domain names registration catching on, in 1988 the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority was established with John Postel as the head. Around that time, Jarkko Oikarinen developed the Internet Relay Chat (IRC).

The beginning of the 1990s saw the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access, world.std.com. Within a year Tim Berners-Lee developed World Wide Web (WWW). By now the ARPANET had been disbanded and replaced by the NFSNET. And in 1991, the NFSNET traffic was passing 10 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month. In this phase of heightened attention to the Internet, Jean Armour Polly coined the term 'surfing the Internet'. That same year saw the release of World Wide Web by CREN (Corporation for Research and Education Networking). Within two years, InterNIC was created to provide directory/database, registration and information services for the Internet. That year also saw the Whitehouse and United Nations coming online.

The year 1994 saw the arrival of shopping malls on the Internet, along with the first cyberstation (RT-FM) and online pizza delivery by Pizza Hut. During this year, hundreds of thousands of new hosts were added to the Internet. 1995 was the year when JAVA was launched, streaming audio technology hit the Internet thanks to RealAudio and the WWW became the service with the greatest traffic. The registration of domain names, previously free, now required a fee of $50 per year.

The mid 90s saw the emergence of search engines, and the browser wars between Netscape and Microsoft began in earnest. On 17th January 1996, PLO leader Yasser Arafat, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and Phillipine President Fidel Ramos met for a ten minute online interactive chat. This clearly marked the power and the influence of the Internet on the entire world.

The late 90s saw the independent Internet Service Providers like AT&T, Sprint, BBN planet etc. carrying most of the Internet traffic on their backbones. Technologies like Push, Multicasting and Streaming Media came into force. In 1999 the first full service bank available only on the Internet came into being. That same year business.com was sold for a whopping US $7.5 million. Around this time e-Trade, online banking and MP3 was becoming popular.

Which brings us to the present. Not only did he Internet survive Y2K, its influence and usage increased, and is still increasing, at a mind-boggling rate. With an estimated 200 million users in 2000, the future is wide open.

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Computer Terminology

Basic Computer Terminology

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access time - The performance of a hard drive or other storage device - how long it takes to locate a file.
active program or window - The application or window at the front (foreground) on the monitor.
alert (alert box) - a message that appears on screen, usually to tell you something went wrong.
alias - an icon that points to a file, folder or application (System 7).
apple menu - on the left side of the screen header. System 6 = desk accessories System 7 = up to 50 items.
application - a program in which you do your work.
application menu - on the right side of the screen header. Lists running applications.
ASCII (pronounced ask-key ) - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. a commonly used data format for exchanging information between computers or programs.
background - part of the multitasking capability. A program can run and perform tasks in the background while another program is being used in the foreground.
bit - the smallest piece of information used by the computer. Derived from "binary digit". In computer language, either a one (1) or a zero (0).
backup - a copy of a file or disk you make for archiving purposes.
boot - to start up a computer.
bug - a programming error that causes a program to behave in an unexpected way.
bus - an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between components in a computer.
byte - a piece of computer information made up of eight bits.
card - a printed circuit board that adds some feature to a computer.
cartridge drive - a storage device, like a hard drive, in which the medium is a cartridge that can be removed.
CD-ROM - an acronym for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory.
Chooser - A desk accessory used to select a printer, or other external device, or to log onto a network.
Clipboard - A portion of memory where the Mac temporarily stores information. Called a Copy Buffer in many PC applications because it is used to hold information which is to be moved, as in word processing where text is "cut" and then "pasted".
Clock Rate (MHz) - The instruction processing speed of a computer measured in millions of cycles per second (i.e., 200 MHz).
command - the act of giving an instruction to your Mac either by menu choice or keystroke.
command (apple) key - a modifier key, the Command key used in conjunction with another keystroke to active some function on the Mac.
compiler - a program the converts programming code into a form that can be used by a computer.
compression - a technique that reduces the size of a saved file by elimination or encoding redundancies (i.e., JPEG, MPEG, LZW, etc.)
control key - seldom used modifier key on the Mac.
control panel - a program that allows you to change settings in a program or change the way a Mac looks and/or behaves.
CPU - the Central Processing Unit. The processing chip that is the "brains" of a computer.
crash - a system malfunction in which the computer stops working and has to be restarted.
cursor - The pointer, usually arrow or cross shaped, which is controlled by the mouse.
daisy chaining - the act of stringing devices together in a series (such as SCSI).
database - an electronic list of information that can be sorted and/or searched.
data - (the plural of datum) information processed by a computer.
defragment - (also - optimize) to concatenate fragments of data into contiguous blocks in memory or on a hard drive.
desktop - 1. the finder. 2. the shaded or colored backdrop of the screen.
desktop file - an invisible file in which the Finder stores a database of information about files and icons.
dialog box - an on-screen message box that appears when the Mac requires additional information before completing a command.
digitize - to convert linear, or analog, data into digital data which can be used by the computer.
disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on which data can be stored.
disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk.
disk window - the window that displays the contents or directory of a disk.
document - a file you create, as opposed to the application which created it.
DOS - acronym for Disk Operating System - used in IBM PCs.
DPI - acronym for Dots Per Inch - a gauge of visual clarity on the printed page or on the computer screen.
download - to transfer data from one computer to another. (If you are on the receiving end, you are downloading. If you are on the sending end, you are uploading ).
drag - to move the mouse while its button is being depressed.
drag and drop - a feature on the Mac which allows one to drag the icon for a document on top of the icon for an application, thereby launching the application and opening the document.
driver - a file on a computer which tells it how to communicate with an add-on piece of equipment (like a printer).
Ethernet - a protocol for fast communication and file transfer across a network.
expansion slot - a connector inside the computer which allows one to plug in a printed circuit board that provides new or enhanced features.
extension - a startup program that runs when you start the Mac and then enhances its function.
fibre channel - as applied to data storage and network topology - link to FC Glossary.
file - the generic word for an application, document, control panel or other computer data.
finder - The cornerstone or home-base application in the Mac environment. The finder regulates the file management functions of the Mac (copying, renaming, deleting...)
floppy - a 3.5 inch square rigid disk which holds data. (so named for the earlier 5.25 and 8 inch disks that were flexible).
folder - an electronic subdirectory which contains files.
font - a typeface that contains the characters of an alphabet or some other letterforms.
footprint - The surface area of a desk or table which is occupied by a piece of equipment.
fragmentation - The breaking up of a file into many separate locations in memory or on a disk.
freeze - a system error which causes the cursor to lock in place.
get info - a Finder File menu command that presents an information window for a selected file icon.
gig - a gigabyte = 1024 megabytes.
hard drive - a large capacity storage device made of multiple disks housed in a rigid case.
head crash - a hard disk crash caused by the heads coming in contact with the spinning disk(s).
high density disk - a 1.4 MB floppy disk.
highlight - to select by clicking once on an icon or by highlighting text in a document.
icon - a graphic symbol for an application, file or folder.
initialize - to format a disk for use in the computer; creates a new directory and arranges the tracks for the recording of data.
insertion point - in word processing, the short flashing marker which indicates where your next typing will begin.
installer - software used to install a program on your hard drive.
interrupt button - a tool used by programmers to enter the debugging mode. The button is usually next to the reset button.
K - short for kilobyte.
keyboard shortcut - a combination of keystrokes that performs some function otherwise found in a pulldown menu.
kilobyte - 1024 bytes.
landscape - in printing from a computer, to print sideways on the page.
launch - start an application.
Measurements (summary) -
*a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte
*1024 bytes = one kilobyte
*K = kilobyte
*Kb = kilobit
*MB = megabyte
*Mb = megabit
*MB/s = megabytes per second
*Mb/s = megabits per second
*bps = bits per second
i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s
MB - short for megabyte.
megabyte - 1024 kilobytes.
memory - the temporary holding area where data is stored while it is being used or changed; the amount of RAM a computer has installed.
menu - a list of program commands listed by topic.
menu bar - the horizontal bar across the top of the Mac¹s screen that lists the menus.
multi finder - a component of System 6 that allows the Mac to multi task.
multi tasking - running more than one application in memory at the same time.
nanosecond - one billionth of a second. ( or, the time between the theatrical release of a Dudley Moore film and the moment it begins to play on airplanes).
native mode - using the computers original operating system; most commonly used when talking about the PowerPC can run software written for either the 80x0 systems, or the PowerPC¹s RISC code.
NuBus - expansion slots on the Mac which accept intelligent, self-configuring boards. NuBus is a different bus achitecture than the newer PCI bus and the boards are not interchangable.
operating system - the system software that controls the computer.
optical disk - a high-capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light.
palette - a small floating window that contains tools used in a given application.
partition - a subdivision of a hard drives surface that is defined and used as a separate drive.
paste - to insert text, or other material, from the clipboard or copy buffer.
PC - acronym for personal computer, commonly used to refer to an IBM or IBM clone computer which uses DOS.
PCI - acronym for Peripheral Component Interchange - the newer, faster bus achitecture.
peripheral - an add-on component to your computer.
point - (1/72") 12 points = one pica in printing.
pop-up menu - any menu that does not appear at the top of the screen in the menu bar. (may pop up or down)
port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac.
Power PC - a processing chip designed by Apple, IBM and Motorola (RISC based).
Power Mac - a family of Macs built around the PowerPC chip.
print spooler - a program that stores documents to be printed on the hard drive, thereby freeing the memory up and allowing other functions to be performed while printing goes on in the background.
QuickTime - the Apple system extension that gives one the ability to compress, edit and play animation, movies and sound on the Mac.
RAM - acronym for Random-Access Memory.
reset switch - a switch on the Mac that restarts the computer in the event of a crash or freeze.
resize box - the small square at the lower right corner of a window which, when dragged, resizes the window.
RISC - acronym for Reduced Instruction Set Computing; the smaller set of commands used by the PowerPC and Power Mac.
ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory; memory that can only be read from and not written to.
root directory - the main hard drive window.
save - to write a file onto a disk.
save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously saved file in a new location and/or with a new name.
scroll - to shift the contents of a window to bring hidden items into view.
scroll bar - a bar at the bottom or right side of a window that contains the scroll box and allows scrolling.
scroll box - the box in a scroll bar that is used to navigate through a window.
SCSI - acronym for Small Computer System Interface.
SCSI address - a number between zero and seven that must be unique to each device in a SCSI chain. Fast and Wide SCSI devices will allow up to 15 SCSI Ids (hexidecimal); however, the length restriction (3 meters) is such that it is virtually impossible to link 15 devices together.
SCSI port - a 25 pin connector on the back of a Mac (native SCSI port); used to connect SCSI devices to the CPU. Some SCSI cards (like the ATTO) have a 68 pin connector.
SCSI terminator - a device placed at the end of a SCSI chain to complete the circuit. (some SCSI devices are self-terminating, or have active termination and do not require this plug).
serial port - a port that allows data to be transmitted in a series (one after the other), such as the printer and modem ports on a Mac.
server - a central computer dedicated to sending and receiving data from other computers (on a network).
shut down - the command from the Special menu that shuts down the Mac safely.
software - files on disk that contain instructions for a computer.
spreadsheet - a program designed to look like an electronic ledger.
start up disk - the disk containing system software and is designated to be used to start the computer.
surge suppressor - a power strip that has circuits designed to reduce the effects of surge in electrical power. (not the same as a UPS)
System file - a file in the System folder that allows your Mac to start and run.
System folder - an all-important folder that contains at least the System file and the Finder.
32 bit addressing - a feature that allows the Mac to recognize and use more than 8MB of memory.
title bar - the horizontal bar at the top of a window which has the name of the file or folder it represents.
upload - to send a file from one computer to another through a network.
Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)- a constantly charging battery pack which powers the computer. A UPS should have enough charge to power your computer for several minutes in the event of a total power failure, giving you time to save your work and safely shut down.
UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source.
vaporware - "software" advertised, and sometimes sold, that does not yet exist in a releasable for.
virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as though it were "RAM".
WORM - acronym for Write Once-Read Many; an optical disk that can only be written to once (like a CD-ROM).
zoom box - a small square in the upper right corner of a window which, when clicked, will expand the window to fill the whole screen.

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Satellite Services - television transmission

By: Dana Kim




What are Satellites? Satellites are small object orbiting around bigger objects. The moon is actually a satellite orbiting around earth. The moon is a natural satellite but today when we talk about satellites we mean human made machines which orbit around earth for a variety of purposes. Satellite services - What are satellites used for? There is a huge variety of satellite services. Satellites can be used for military purposes, weather forecast, navigation (GPS), communication (data transmission), internet and much more. One of the most frequent uses of satellites is to transmit TV channels around the world. 3 kinds of Satellites Satellites orbit around the earth. There are 3 kinds of satellites classified by the orbit distance from earth. Low earth orbit (LEO) - this satellite orbits earth at a distance of 160-480 km. because it is so close to earth it needs to orbit at a fast speed in order to prevent from the earth's gravity to pull it down. The LEO satellites move at a speed approx. 28,000 km per hour and can finish one orbit around the earth in about an hour and a half. Medium earth orbit (MEO) - this satellite orbits earth at a distance of 9,000-18,000 km. these are mainly communication satellites above the north/south poles. Their orbit patter is oval. Because these satellites are further than earth from the first group there is a need for tracking systems down here on earth in order to keep track of these satellites. Geostationary earth Orbit (GEO) - this satellite orbits earth at a distance of 35,60 km from earth and orbits earth at the same speed our planet revolves around itself. This means that the satellite is stationary above the same position all the time. Usually there is a need for 3 different GEO satellites to cover the whole earth (not taking into account the poles). These satellites are used mainly for constant communication or weather satellite services. How do satellites transmit TV channels? Television programs origin from a broadcasting studio, it could be a live broadcast or a taped TV program. The program is translated into a signal. The signal is sent up to the satellite with a process called - uplink. When it is received at the satellite, the signal is transmitted to another satellite using a process called turnaround, or it is transmitted back down to earth using a process called downlink. When a signal is down linked back to earth it is received by a satellite dish which we all know.

Because of the whole process of up linking and down linking, there is a transmission delay of a few seconds. This is why viewers of a cable channel will see it a few seconds before the viewers of a satellite channel.

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